工程堆积体植被类型对土壤有机碳组分特征及影响因素研究

为明确工程堆积体不同植被类型下土壤有机碳(SOC)及易氧化有机碳(EOC)变化特征及其影响因子,分别设置乔木、灌木、草地和裸地这4种类型样地,分层采集0—10,10—20,20—40,40—60,60—80 cm的土壤并测定其有机碳组分及理化性质,采用主成分分析法及相关性分析法进行分析。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型之间SOC含量存在显著差异,乔木、灌木、草地和裸地下SOC均值依次为45.73,41.81,34.75,21.11 g/kg,植被恢复显著提升SOC含量,且表层土壤提升效果优于深层土壤。(2)乔木和灌木下土壤碳库活度(活性有机碳与非活性有机碳之比)显著高于草地,乔木、灌木下SOC更容易被植物吸收利用。(3)全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、水解氮(HN)与SOC、EOC均呈显著正相关(p＜0.05),对SOC的提升起主要作用。因此,混种具有固氮作用的豆科植物有利于SOC的提升和积累。     

赣南崩岗区不同植被类型粉砂质土壤抗剪强度及其影响因素

为探究南方崩岗侵蚀区不同植被类型下土壤抗剪强度的分布规律,明确崩岗治理后土壤基本性质对抗剪强度的影响。以3种不同植被类型下崩岗各部位表层土壤为研究对象,对土壤基本性质的变化规律、抗剪强度参数变化特征及其影响因素,利用路径分析和主成分分析进行研究。结果表明,土壤抗剪强度由大到小依次为林地>柑橘地>灌木地>草地>侵蚀区,且柑橘地较灌木地土壤抗剪强度提高了29.74%。随地势降低,毛管孔隙度总体呈升高趋势,黏粒、粉粒等细颗粒物质占比也不断上升,汇聚于坡下。随着恢复时间增加,土壤养分含量逐渐上升。土壤黏聚力在同种植被类型下,随着恢复年限增加,表现为递增趋势,内摩擦角则表现为缓慢递减趋势,均表现为上坡最大。其中有机质、饱和导水率与黏聚力存在极显著相关关系,含水率、容重与内摩擦角也存在极显著相关关系。试验以总孔隙、毛管孔隙、黏粒含量和土壤饱和导水率来表征土壤饱和状态下的抗剪强度,建立了预测方程（R2=0.80,RMSE=5.95）,结果表明该方程的可信度和预测精度均较高。研究结果揭示了不同植被类型抗剪强度的控制因素,可为南方崩岗侵蚀区恢复过程提供一定的参考。     

黄土高原不同土地利用方式分层植被的盖度差异

[目的] 分析不同土地利用方式黄土高原植被的覆盖状况,为监测该区植被特别是非绿色植被盖度的变化提供数据支持,为遥感估算植被覆盖度(FVC)在土壤侵蚀预测中的应用提供可靠依据。[方法] 选择黄土高原不同土地利用类型的7块植被样地,采用样带法进行逐半月的分层植被盖度调查,分析了绿色植被盖度(f_PV)和非绿色植被盖度(f_NPV)在不同类型以及不同层次结构下的年内变化,为侵蚀过程模型中植被因素的获取提供参数。[结果] ①沙地、草地、人工柠条林地、人工油松林地、黄陵和秦岭的天然林地等6个样地中,植被的年内投影总盖度变化不大。投影f_PV和其所占投影总盖度的比例年内均随时间先逐渐增加,7—9月达到最大值,其后迅速减小。而投影f_NPV随时间的变化趋势与f_PV相反。受耕作制度影响,耕地投影f_PV和f_NPV年内变化剧烈。②7—9月,在黄陵和秦岭的天然林样地,投影f_PV比例可达100%,其他4种样地分别可达60.6%,70.5%,58.8%和84.9%,意味着仅考虑投影f_PV,将忽略占总盖度39.4%,29.5%,41.2%和15.1%的f_NPV的生态效益。③人工柠条、人工油松林地,黄陵、秦岭的天然林地等4种具有明显植被垂直结构的样地中,乔木层、灌木层和地表层的f_PV与f_NPV的年内变化与投影f_PV与f_NPV的变化趋势基本一致;4种样地植被的投影总盖度与地表层总盖度呈线性关系,其相关性可达0.85(R²)。[结论] 黄土高原不同土地利用方式耕地投影f_PV和f_NPV年内变化剧烈,其他样地年内投影f_PV先增加后减小,投影f_NPV与其相反。占总投影盖度的15.1%～41.2%的投影f_NPV,在该区是不可忽略的地被组成。不同层次的f_PV和f_NPV年内变化趋势与投影f_PV和f_NPV一致,地表层总盖度与投影总盖度也存在显著的线性相关性。在区域监测时应重点关注耕地植被盖度的提取季节与地表总盖度。     

Effects of forest cover type and ratio changes on runoff and its components

Changes in forest cover can affect not only the total runoff from a watershed, but also the runoff components (e.g., surface runoff, interflow, groundwater flow). In this study, based on the WetSpa model simulation method and the recursive digital filtering (RDF) method, the Banchengzi watershed in the mountainous region of Beijing, China, was selected to investigate how changes in forest cover type and cover percentage affect total runoff, surface runoff, interflow, and groundwater flow through scenario settings. Our results show that the difference between the WetSpa model and the RDF method for separating runoff components is small, with only 4.7% and 0.4% difference between the calibration and validation periods. Total runoff in different forest types followed the order shrub forest > coniferous forest > mixed forest > broadleaf forest. Regarding runoff components, the proportions of baseflow (sum of interflow and groundwater flow) to total runoff were 61.1% and 60.8% for broadleaf and mixed forests, which was significantly higher than those of 53.0% and 43.1% for coniferous and shrub forests. However, the proportion of shrub forest baseflow was high in wet years, and that of broadleaf forest baseflow was high in normal and dry years. The proportions of interflow and groundwater flow from various forest cover types to total runoff continued to increase with increasing forest cover rate. Our results have important implications for the implementation of afforestation projects and forest conservation programs, contributing to water resource regulation and ecosystem protection in watersheds.     

Runoff- and erosion-reducing effects of vegetation on the loess hillslopes of China under concentrated flow

Evaluating the effects of revegetation on runoff and erosion reduction is essential for studying soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau after implementation of China's Grain for Green Project. However, quantifying the influence of revegetation on the erosion caused by concentrated runoff in extreme rainstorms is still challenging. To evaluate this influence, scouring-erosion experiments were implemented in situ on the vegetated hillslope plots (GR) and bare hillslope plots (CK). The runoff-reducing effects of grass (GRR) averaged 31%, 20% and 8%, and the erosion-reducing effects of grass (GER) averaged 93%, 95% and 93% on the 5°-plots, 10°-plots and 18°-plots, respectively. The ratios of GRR to GER were 0.09–0.33, implying that the ability of vegetation to reduce erosion was greater than its ability to reduce runoff. The GRR and GER obviously decreased as the inflow rate increased, and the GRR decreased as the hillslope gradient increased, but there were no obvious differences in the GER between hillslope gradients. Vegetation could decrease the ability of the concentrated flow to carry and transport sediment and increase the energy consumption of the concentrated flow in response to hydraulic resistance. Vegetation also significantly reduced the degree of rill development. The degree of rill dissection on the GR (0.054–0.087 m² m^?2) was lower than that on the CK (0.061–0.184 m² m^?2). Our findings provide an essential reference for ecological environment and vegetation restoration on loess hillslopes.     

Distribution of major clonal lineages EU_13_A2, EU_2_A1, and EU_23_A1 of Phytophthora infestans associated with potato late blight across crop seasons and regions in Algeria

Potato is one of the most important agricultural crops in Algeria and worldwide. Each year, potato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is responsible for significant damage that leads to large production losses, and is thus a direct threat to food security in Algeria. In this study, 131 isolates of P. infestans and 92 DNA fingerprints captured on FTA cards were sampled from commercial and seed production fields in three major potato production regions (western, eastern, and central) during the main-season and late-season in Algeria over six cropping seasons (2010–2016). Genotypes of P. infestans and population genetic diversity were analysed using a 17-plex simple-sequence repeat (SSR) marker assay, and the mating type of all isolates was characterized. Both mating types (A1 and A2) were found, and often occurred in the same field. Differences in mating type proportion were observed between regions and between sampling periods. Analysis with SSR markers showed the prevalence of the EU_13_A2 lineage (70%) over EU_2_A1 (16%), EU_23_A1 (10%), and 4% of unknown multilocus lineage (MLL). The EU_13_A2 showed differentiation within the group. EU_23_A1 was found mainly in late-season crops. However, the cropping region did not influence the distribution of lineages due to the dispersal of the pathogen in Algeria by seeds. Genetic structure did not reveal a clear variation in distribution of the three lineages throughout the sampling regions. These data provide important new information on the composition and change over time of P. infestans populations in Algeria and open the way for a better understanding of the local epidemiology of this important pathogen.     

New detections of chestnut blight in Great Britain during 2019–2020 reveal high Cryphonectria parasitica diversity and limited spread of the disease

Cryphonectria parasitica was detected for the first time in the United Kingdom in 2011. A 2017–2018 survey detected the disease at different sites in Berkshire, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset and London, while the present study comprises the results of the 2019–2020 survey with new findings and additional sites in the United Kingdom (Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cornwall, Derbyshire, Devon, London, West Sussex) and in Jersey, reflecting the progressive detection of more infected trees. A total of 189 samples were collected from 52 sites, and 123 samples tested positive both by quantitative real-time PCR and/or isolation from 43 sites. A total of 115 isolates were tested for mating type, vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1). Twelve VCGs were identified, with four of them being first records in United Kingdom. The highest diversity of VCGs was detected in Devon followed by West Sussex while London and Derbyshire presented the lowest. Both mating types were detected (41% MAT-1 and 59% MAT-2), and no heterokaryons were detected. Perithecia of C. parasitica were not observed at any site during this survey. CHV-1 was detected in three isolates in very low concentration from three different locations in London and was always the unmutated subtype I haplotype E-5. A greater diversity of VCGs at outbreak sites compared with previous surveys, combined with their scattered distribution and the slow spread of the pathogen, supports the hypothesis that this disease has been introduced through imports over time from Europe.     

钾肥种类及用量对低温胁迫下苜蓿根颈糖类物质含量及抗寒性的影响

为探讨钾肥种类及用量对苜蓿越冬器官抗寒性的影响及根颈糖类保护物质代谢的生理机制,本研究对‘北极熊’紫花苜蓿（M.sativa ‘Gibraltar’）施用KCl、K₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄ 3种钾肥,设置100、200、300 kg·hm^-2K₂O（分别用K₁、K₂和K₃表示）3个施用量,以不施钾肥为对照（CK）,于封冻前期挖取苜蓿越冬器官模拟低温冷冻胁迫处理（4℃、-10℃、-20℃和 -30℃）,测定根颈活力、可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和淀粉含量。结果表明,随着低温冷冻胁迫温度的降低,KCl、K₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄处理的苜蓿根颈活力和淀粉含量表现为持续降低的变化趋势,在-30℃下达到最小值,且与4℃处理呈显著差异（P＜0.05）,分别较4℃处理降低了86.25％～91.59％和45.47％～66.07％;可溶性糖、蔗糖和果糖含量则表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势,且均在-20℃下达到最大值,分别达到431.00～513.93 mg·g^-1、235.23～329.05 mg·g^-1和185.75～243.79 μg·g^-1。随着钾肥施用量的增加,KCl、K₂SO₄和KH₂PO₄处理的苜蓿根颈活力、可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和淀粉含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势;且在不同低温胁迫处理下以K₂SO₄处理效果最明显,并且在施用量为200 kg·hm^-2K₂O时,苜蓿根颈活力、可溶性糖、蔗糖、果糖和淀粉含量均与CK差异显著（P＜0.05）,分别较CK增长了56.03％～197.26％、16.38％～48.77％、24.13％～46.22％、30.53％～59.95％和35.73％～67.87％。因此,科尔沁沙地建植苜蓿宜施用K₂SO₄种类钾肥,建议施用量为200 kg·hm^-2K₂O,更有利于提高苜蓿越冬器官的抗寒性。     

西藏东南部典型林草交错地带不同植被地表节肢动物多样性研究

【目的】了解西藏东南部不同植被类型对地表节肢动物群落结构及多样性的影响。【方法】采用陷阱诱捕法于2018年5~9月对高山栎灌丛、高山栎灌丛林牧交错地带(林牧交错地带)、天然草地、人工种植草地4种典型植被类型进行地表节肢动物调查,分析其相对多度、类群丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度及相似性指数S-rensen和Cody。【结果】1）西藏东南部不同植被群落之间地表节肢动物群落组成和数量有较大差异。天然草地具有最多的节肢动物科类群数,地表节肢动物有77科,动物数占全部采集样数的32.36%;其次是林牧交错地带,地表节肢动物有75科,动物数占全部采集样数的32.77%;类群相对较少的是高山栎灌丛和人工草地,分别为59和55科,动物数分别占全部采集样数的9.27%和25.60%;高山栎灌丛采集到的动物数量最少,且不同类群间差异较大。2）类群丰富度天然草地最高,人工草地最低;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数天然草地最高,高山栎灌丛最低;Pielou均匀度指数高山栎灌丛最低,天然草地最高;Simpson优势度指数高山栎灌丛最高,林牧交错地带最低。3）S-rensen相似性指数最高值出现在高山栎灌丛与林牧交错地带之间,高山栎灌丛与人工草地的S-rensen相似性指数和人工草地与林牧交错地带的接近,高山栎灌丛与林牧交错地带的S-rensen相似性指数和人工草地与天然草地的接近。高山栎灌丛与天然草地的Cody相似性指数最高,其次是林牧交错地带与天然草地;高山栎灌丛与林牧交错地带、人工草地与天然草地的Cody指数最小。【结论】西藏东南部植被类型、环境、干扰程度均对地表节肢动物有较大影响。林牧交错地带是高山栎灌丛与天然草地之间的过渡地带,天然草地是林牧交错地带与人工草地之间的过渡地带,但在演替过程中具有连续性。     

西南喀斯特地区典型土壤碳通量原位监测的研究

为了研究西南喀斯特地区典型土壤碳通量特征,以不同植被类型和不同土石界面为研究对象,原位测定3种土壤(红壤、棕色石灰土和黑色石灰土)2个界面(土面、土石面)的乔木林地和灌丛的土壤碳通量,并用土壤碳通量的日变化和季变化指示土壤有机碳转化过程.结果表明,在雨季各土壤碳通量均高于旱季.棕色石灰土在2种植被类型条件下均没有红壤土壤碳通量稳定,受湿度影响大于红壤.黑色石灰土中,灌丛的土石面土壤碳通量与土面差异小于乔木林地,乔木林地中土面土壤碳通量显著大于土石面,土面在7月出现最高值(3.0μmol m2/s),土石面在6月出现最高值(1.5μmol m2/s);灌丛土面土壤碳通量最高值出现在7月(3.0μmol m2/s),土石面6月出现最高值(1.9 μmol m2/s).喀斯特地区土壤碳通量的变化因土壤类型不同而存在差异,土面和土石面的喀斯特土壤碳通量差异受气候、季节和植被的影响较大.